India Explained
A neutral ledger of Indian governments and their actions. Every entry uses the same template, every claim has a source, and every score is shown with its range. Scores are AI-assisted judgements and carry uncertainty; see the methodology.
1 more scored action was decided by independent institutions. It is listed with the actions but earn no party credit and are left out of every party total.
Data last updated 12 Oct 2026.
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Each block is one government, coloured and patterned by its lead party or coalition. Hover, focus or open a block for leader, dates and length. Labels are left out where there is no room; every government is in the table below.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
Scroll sideways to see all years.
| Party | Years in power (weighted) | Years led | Governments joined | Governments led | Share of years in office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INCIndian National Congress | 51.7 | 54.4 | 10 | 10 | 65.4% |
| BJPBharatiya Janata Party | 15.1 | 18.6 | 5 | 5 | 19.1% |
| JPJanata Party | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1 | 1 | 3.0% |
| JDJanata Dal | 1.6 | 2.7 | 3 | 3 | 2.0% |
| DMKDravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 0.9 | 0.0 | 4 | 0 | 1.2% |
| SSShiv Sena | 0.7 | 0.0 | 4 | 0 | 0.9% |
| SJP(R)Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1 | 1 | 0.8% |
| TDPTelugu Desam Party | 0.6 | 0.0 | 4 | 0 | 0.7% |
| RJDRashtriya Janata Dal | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.7% |
| AITCAll India Trinamool Congress | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.7% |
| JP(S)Janata Party (Secular) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0.6% |
| AIADMKAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.6% |
| NCPNationalist Congress Party | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.5% |
| JD(U)Janata Dal (United) | 0.3 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.4% |
| SAPSamata Party | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.4% |
| SADShiromani Akali Dal | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3 | 0 | 0.4% |
| TMC(M)Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) | 0.3 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.3% |
| LJPLok Janshakti Party | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3 | 0 | 0.3% |
| PMKPattali Makkal Katchi | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3 | 0 | 0.3% |
| SPSamajwadi Party | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.3% |
| BJDBiju Janata Dal | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.3% |
| MDMKMarumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.2% |
| CPICommunist Party of India | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.2% |
| JMMJharkhand Mukti Morcha | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.1% |
| TRSTelangana Rashtra Samithi | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.1% |
| LSLok Shakti | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.1% |
| AGPAsom Gana Parishad | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0.1% |
| JKNCJammu & Kashmir National Conference | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.1% |
| RLSPRashtriya Lok Samta Party | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.1% |
| LJP(RV)Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.1% |
| IUMLIndian Union Muslim League | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
| ADApna Dal | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
| JD(S)Janata Dal (Secular) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
| SWPSwabhimani Paksha | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
| AINRCAll India N.R. Congress | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
| NPPNational People's Party | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
| NPFNaga People's Front | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% |
How to read this. Two scorers, blind to party, give each action up to 25 points for benefit or harm across five criteria (range −25 to +25). An action's points go to the governments responsible, and to their coalition partners by seat share. The headline figure is the average points per action: a party's total divided by the number of its actions scored, shown with its range and that number. “Points per year (shrunk)” divides the total by years in power plus 5; it depends on how many entries are included, so it is shown second. The figures summarise the evidence entered so far; they are not a verdict on any party. The scorers are AI models that did not know which party acted but did read the facts. The entries are a selection of actions, and a party with more entries in an era can show a higher or lower figure for that reason alone. A party with little scored evidence is marked “Low data”. Union governments only; state actions are not included. Read the method.
The period limits both the actions counted (by date) and the years in power.
Decide how much each topic should count. 1 is the default, 0 leaves a topic out, 3 counts it three times. Totals, ranges and the grid below update at once. Nothing is saved or sent anywhere.
| Party | Average points per action | Points per year (shrunk) | Total points | Years in power |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| INCIndian National Congress | +6.9range +6.2 to +7.637 scored actions10 of 24 categories with 2+ | +4.5range +4.0 to +5.0 | +255.7range +229.5 to +282.0 | 51.7led 54.4 |
| JPJanata Party | +5.3range +4.7 to +6.03 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +2.2range +1.9 to +2.5 | +16.0range +14.0 to +18.0 | 2.3led 2.3 |
| BJPBharatiya Janata Party | +3.4range +2.8 to +4.031 scored actions8 of 24 categories with 2+ | +5.3range +4.3 to +6.2 | +105.8range +86.6 to +125.1 | 15.1led 18.6 |
| Under 2 years in power. Figures for short tenures swing widely, so these are listed apart and drawn without a scale. | ||||
| SJP(R)Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) | +6.0range +5.0 to +7.01 scored action Low data0 of 24 categories with 2+ | +1.1range +0.9 to +1.2 | +6.0range +5.0 to +7.0 | 0.6led 0.6 |
| JDJanata Dal | +3.2range +2.5 to +3.910 scored actions2 of 24 categories with 2+ | +4.9range +3.9 to +5.9 | +32.1range +25.5 to +38.8 | 1.6led 2.7 |
| RJDRashtriya Janata Dal | +0.8range +0.8 to +0.87 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | +1.0range +1.0 to +1.1 | +5.6range +5.4 to +5.9 | 0.6led 0.0 |
| DMKDravida Munnetra Kazhagam | +0.5range +0.4 to +0.621 scored actions4 of 24 categories with 2+ | +1.8range +1.5 to +2.0 | +10.7range +9.1 to +12.2 | 0.9led 0.0 |
| TMC(M)Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) | +0.5range +0.3 to +0.68 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.7range +0.5 to +1.0 | +3.9range +2.7 to +5.1 | 0.3led 0.0 |
| SPSamajwadi Party | +0.4range +0.3 to +0.58 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.6range +0.4 to +0.8 | +3.3range +2.3 to +4.3 | 0.2led 0.0 |
| AITCAll India Trinamool Congress | +0.4range +0.3 to +0.415 scored actions4 of 24 categories with 2+ | +1.0range +0.9 to +1.1 | +5.6range +5.0 to +6.2 | 0.5led 0.0 |
| SAPSamata Party | +0.3range +0.3 to +0.310 scored actions3 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.6range +0.5 to +0.6 | +3.1range +2.7 to +3.4 | 0.3led 0.0 |
| NCPNationalist Congress Party | +0.3range +0.3 to +0.313 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.7range +0.7 to +0.8 | +3.9range +3.6 to +4.2 | 0.4led 0.0 |
| CPICommunist Party of India | +0.3range +0.2 to +0.48 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.5range +0.3 to +0.6 | +2.3range +1.6 to +3.1 | 0.2led 0.0 |
| TDPTelugu Desam Party | +0.3range +0.2 to +0.319 scored actions5 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.9range +0.7 to +1.2 | +5.3range +3.9 to +6.6 | 0.6led 0.0 |
| BJDBiju Janata Dal | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.310 scored actions3 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.4range +0.4 to +0.5 | +2.3range +2.1 to +2.6 | 0.2led 0.0 |
| AIADMKAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.223 scored actions6 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.9range +0.8 to +1.0 | +4.7range +4.2 to +5.2 | 0.5led 0.0 |
| JMMJharkhand Mukti Morcha | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.27 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.2 | +1.2range +1.1 to +1.2 | 0.1led 0.0 |
| TRSTelangana Rashtra Samithi | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.27 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.2 | +1.2range +1.1 to +1.2 | 0.1led 0.0 |
| SSShiv Sena | +0.2range +0.1 to +0.231 scored actions8 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.9range +0.7 to +1.1 | +5.1range +4.1 to +6.1 | 0.7led 0.0 |
| AGPAsom Gana Parishad | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.28 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.2range +0.1 to +0.3 | +1.0range +0.7 to +1.3 | 0.1led 0.0 |
| PMKPattali Makkal Katchi | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.123 scored actions5 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.5range +0.5 to +0.5 | +2.6range +2.4 to +2.7 | 0.3led 0.0 |
| MDMKMarumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.117 scored actions3 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.3range +0.3 to +0.4 | +1.7range +1.6 to +1.8 | 0.2led 0.0 |
| JKNCJammu & Kashmir National Conference | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.16 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | +0.6range +0.5 to +0.7 | 0.1led 0.0 |
| SADShiromani Akali Dal | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.130 scored actions8 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.5range +0.4 to +0.6 | +2.7range +2.3 to +3.0 | 0.3led 0.0 |
| JD(U)Janata Dal (United) | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.115 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.3 | +1.3range +0.9 to +1.8 | 0.3led 0.0 |
| LSLok Shakti | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.110 scored actions3 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.2range +0.1 to +0.2 | +0.8range +0.7 to +0.9 | 0.1led 0.0 |
| LJPLok Janshakti Party | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.128 scored actions9 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.4range +0.3 to +0.5 | +2.1range +1.8 to +2.4 | 0.3led 0.0 |
| IUMLIndian Union Muslim League | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.16 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | +0.4range +0.4 to +0.4 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| RLSPRashtriya Lok Samta Party | 0.0range 0.0 to +0.18 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | +0.4range +0.3 to +0.4 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| ADApna Dal | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.08 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to +0.1 | +0.2range +0.2 to +0.3 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| LJP(RV)Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.03 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | +0.1range 0.0 to +0.1 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| AINRCAll India N.R. Congress | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.08 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| NPFNaga People's Front | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.08 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| NPPNational People's Party | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.08 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| SWPSwabhimani Paksha | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.08 scored actions1 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | +0.1range +0.1 to +0.1 | 0.0led 0.0 |
| JD(S)Janata Dal (Secular) | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.03 scored actions0 of 24 categories with 2+ | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | 0.0range 0.0 to 0.0 | 0.0led 0.0 |
Points per year (shrunk) depends on how many entries are included; shrunk toward zero for short tenures: points ÷ (years in power + 5). Neither figure is a verdict.
1 party has held office in this period but has no scored actions yet, so no figure is shown: JP(S) 0.5 y
Low data means some category has fewer than 2 scored actions credited to the party, so its figures rest on very little evidence.
Each cell is one party's raw points per year in one category (no shrinkage), so it depends on how many entries are included for that cell. Cells are shaded from lowest to highest across the grid. Columns are ordered by years in power. Shading shows the relative size of a figure, not quality. Numbers are always shown; hatched cells have fewer than 2 scored actions, dashed cells have none. Only parties with at least 2 years in power and a scored action are shown as columns.
| Category | INC | BJP | JP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education | +0.5 | +1.0 | No scored actions |
| Elections & Democracy | +0.2 low data | −0.6 | No scored actions |
| Police & Internal Security | +0.1 | No scored actions | No scored actions |
| Law, Judiciary & Rights | +0.3 low data | +0.4 | +5.3 |
| Foreign Policy | +0.2 | 0.0 low data | No scored actions |
| Armed Forces & Defence | No scored actions | +0.5 | No scored actions |
| Economy & Finance | +0.9 | +1.0 | No scored actions |
| Agriculture & Rural | +0.8 | −0.7 low data | No scored actions |
| Health | +0.1 low data | +0.5 | No scored actions |
| Social Welfare & Inclusion | +0.2 low data | +0.9 | +1.5 low data |
| Infrastructure & Transport | No scored actions | +1.1 | No scored actions |
| Energy, Environment & Climate | +0.5 | +0.4 low data | No scored actions |
| Technology & Digital | +0.3 | +0.7 low data | No scored actions |
| Governance & Federalism | +0.8 | +0.1 low data | No scored actions |
| Media & Information | −0.2 low data | −0.1 low data | No scored actions |
| Religion, Culture & Society | 0.0 | 0.0 low data | No scored actions |
| Labour & Employment | 0.0 low data | +0.1 low data | No scored actions |
| Housing & Urban | −0.2 | +0.7 low data | No scored actions |
| Water & Land | +0.1 low data | +0.6 low data | No scored actions |
| Space, Science & Research | +0.3 low data | +0.3 low data | No scored actions |
| Sports & Youth | +0.1 low data | +0.2 low data | No scored actions |
| State Spotlights | No scored actions | No scored actions | No scored actions |
| Business & Public Power | No scored actions | No scored actions | No scored actions |
| Parties, Movements & Civil Society | No scored actions | No scored actions | No scored actions |
LowerHigher−0.7 to +5.3 points per yearLow data
A Telangana High Court division bench on 1-2 September 2026 stayed a single judge's interim order that had paused the state's marriage-assistance schemes; the petition on their legal basis remains pending.
The Centre's bill to amend the FCRA 2010 was introduced in March 2026 and referred to a 31-member Joint Parliamentary Committee on 12 August 2026; the committee has not yet reported.
Punjab began monthly cash transfers of Rs 1,000 (Rs 1,500 for Scheduled Caste women) from 1 July 2026; the first instalment reached nearly 33 lakh women, and later payments and costs are still being reported.
Profile of the Adani Group: its companies and FY26 figures, policy and regulatory touchpoints by government in office, and the status as of 12 October 2026 of Indian, US and foreign proceedings, with the group's stated responses.
Facts as of
Dated dealings of the Reliance, Adani and other large groups with Centre and state governments led by different parties, set out side by side with each party's recorded statements.
Facts as of
Measured size of India's largest business groups, their weight in the Nifty 50, their market shares in selected sectors, lender exposure, and how concentration has changed since the 1950s.
Facts as of
Schools, universities, exams, curriculum and skilling.
5 entriesHow India votes and how parties are funded and regulated.
6 entriesPolicing, central agencies, insurgency and disaster response.
2 entriesCourts, criminal law, civil liberties and citizenship.
5 entriesIndia's relations, alliances, trade deals and diaspora.
6 entriesMilitary, procurement, border management and strategic forces.
2 entriesBudgets, tax, money, banks, jobs and trade.
9 entriesFarm policy, prices, subsidies and rural livelihoods.
5 entriesPublic health systems, insurance, medicines and nutrition.
3 entriesFood security, reservations, cash transfers and protection schemes.
5 entriesRoads, rail, air, ports and urban transit.
3 entriesPower, fuels, climate commitments, pollution and forests.
4 entriesDigital public infrastructure, data, telecom and AI.
3 entriesCentre-State relations, bureaucracy and transparency.
5 entriesPress, broadcasting, online speech and misinformation.
3 entriesReligious laws, language, caste data and heritage.
3 entriesLabour law, gig work, unions and migrant workers.
2 entriesHousing schemes, urban planning and real estate regulation.
2 entriesRiver disputes, drinking water and land acquisition.
2 entriesISRO, research funding and nuclear energy.
2 entriesSports policy, athletes and youth programmes.
2 entriesThe same questions asked of State governments.
10 entriesLarge business groups, regulators, contracts and political funding.
0 entriesNew parties, NGOs, protests and prosecutions of activists.
0 entriesParliament legislated appointments of election commissioners; the panel is the PM, the Leader of Opposition and a Union Cabinet Minister, replacing the Chief Justice named in the Court's 2023 interim panel.
Evidence points +0.5 (range −1.0 to +2.0)
The Finance (No. 2) Act, 2019 amended the 2002 money-laundering law; in July 2022 the Supreme Court upheld the Enforcement Directorate's arrest, attachment and bail provisions, and a review is pending.
Evidence points +2.0 (range +2.0 to +2.0)
ECI ordered a house-to-house rebuild of Bihar's roll on 24 June 2025 and extended it to other States; the Supreme Court upheld it on 27 May 2026 while limiting the ECI's citizenship inquiry; West Bengal appeals continue.
Evidence points +4.5 (range +4.0 to +5.0)
A 12-digit biometric-linked identity number begun by the Planning Commission in 2009 and given statutory backing in 2016; the Supreme Court upheld the Act in 2018 while limiting mandatory linking.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +12.0 to +13.0)
Announced 14 June 2022, Agnipath recruits personnel below officer rank for four years, with up to 25% retained for a further 15 years, replacing earlier regular recruitment for those ranks.
Evidence points +3.5 (range +3.0 to +4.0)
Constitutional amendment adding the Tenth Schedule, which disqualifies legislators who voluntarily give up party membership or vote against party direction, with the presiding officer deciding.
Evidence points +9.5 (range +7.0 to +12.0)