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89 actions
From 21 November 2025 the Wages, Industrial Relations, Social Security and OSH Codes replaced 29 central labour laws. Unions oppose several provisions; most State rules were still pending in early 2026.
Evidence points +1.0 (range 0.0 to +2.0)
ECI ordered a house-to-house rebuild of Bihar's roll on 24 June 2025 and extended it to other States; the Supreme Court upheld it on 27 May 2026 while limiting the ECI's citizenship inquiry; West Bengal appeals continue.
Evidence points +4.5 (range +4.0 to +5.0)
The Act amended the Waqf Act, 1995 on registration, waqf creation, survey and dispute rules and board membership. In September 2025 the Supreme Court stayed some provisions and declined to stay the whole Act.
Evidence points −0.5 (range −1.0 to 0.0)
New criminal code replacing the Indian Penal Code, 1860; enacted in December 2023 and in force from 1 July 2024 with companion procedure and evidence laws.
Evidence points +3.5 (range +3.0 to +4.0)
Parliament legislated appointments of election commissioners; the panel is the PM, the Leader of Opposition and a Union Cabinet Minister, replacing the Chief Justice named in the Court's 2023 interim panel.
Evidence points +0.5 (range −1.0 to +2.0)
On 11 June 2023 Karnataka's Congress government began free travel for women on state-run non-AC buses, the first of its five poll guarantees. The five guarantees cost about Rs 51,000 crore in 2025-26.
Evidence points +5.0 (range +5.0 to +5.0)
Announced 14 June 2022, Agnipath recruits personnel below officer rank for four years, with up to 25% retained for a further 15 years, replacing earlier regular recruitment for those ranks.
Evidence points +3.5 (range +3.0 to +4.0)
Rules under the IT Act set due-diligence duties for social media platforms and a three-tier oversight structure for digital news and streaming. A 2023 amendment on fact-checking was struck down by the Bombay High Court.
Evidence points −2.5 (range −4.0 to −1.0)
Policy approved by the Union Cabinet on 29 July 2020, replacing the 1986 policy with a 5+3+3+4 school structure, a proposed single higher-education regulator and a 50% higher-education GER target for 2035.
Evidence points +3.5 (range +3.0 to +4.0)
In June 2020 the Union Cabinet approved opening space activities to private firms through IN-SPACe as a regulator and promoter, with NSIL as ISRO's commercial arm.
Evidence points +5.0 (range +4.0 to +6.0)
Three Acts of 2020 allowed farm-produce sales outside APMC yards, set a contract-farming framework and eased stock limits. The Supreme Court stayed them in January 2021; Parliament repealed them in November 2021.
Evidence points −11.5 (range −12.0 to −11.0)
Free grain for National Food Security Act beneficiaries, begun in April 2020 as COVID-19 relief; from January 2024 free for five years for about 81.35 crore people, at an estimated Rs 11.80 lakh crore.
Evidence points +9.5 (range +9.0 to +10.0)
Nationwide lockdown under the Disaster Management Act from 25 March 2020. The Government said it slowed spread and bought time; the Supreme Court addressed migrant workers' hardship and GDP fell sharply in 2020-21.
Evidence points +1.0 (range +1.0 to +1.0)
On 4 November 2019 India announced it would not join the 15-nation Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, citing unresolved concerns. The pact took effect in 2022 without India.
Evidence points +0.5 (range −1.0 to +2.0)
Centre-state programme launched 15 August 2019 to give every rural household a functional tap connection; official coverage rose from 17% to about 80% by early 2025, with the 2024 target missed.
Evidence points +11.0 (range +11.0 to +11.0)
In August 2019 the President ended the special constitutional status of Jammu and Kashmir and Parliament split the state into two Union Territories; the Supreme Court upheld the abrogation in 2023.
Evidence points +1.5 (range +1.0 to +2.0)
The Finance (No. 2) Act, 2019 amended the 2002 money-laundering law; in July 2022 the Supreme Court upheld the Enforcement Directorate's arrest, attachment and bail provisions, and a review is pending.
Evidence points +2.0 (range +2.0 to +2.0)
A 2019 constitutional amendment allows up to 10% reservation in education and public jobs for economically weaker sections outside SC, ST and OBC categories. The Supreme Court upheld it 3-2 in November 2022.
Evidence points +6.0 (range +5.0 to +7.0)
Hospital insurance scheme launched September 2018, extended in 2024 to all aged 70+; 10.98 crore admissions recorded by December 2025 (administrative count); a 2023 CAG audit raised claim-control issues.
Evidence points +8.0 (range +7.0 to +9.0)
Bearer-type bonds sold by SBI from 2018 let donors fund registered parties without public disclosure of donor names; the Supreme Court struck the scheme down on 15 February 2024.
Evidence points −8.5 (range −10.0 to −7.0)
A centrally funded sports programme revamped from 2017-18, supporting grassroots competitions, infrastructure and a scheme of athlete support. Its outlay was extended in 2021 and again in 2026.
Evidence points +4.0 (range +4.0 to +4.0)
GST replaced many central and state indirect taxes from 1 July 2017 under a Constitution amendment and a Centre-State GST Council. Collections and taxpayers grew; rate structure and compliance remain debated.
Evidence points +15.0 (range +14.0 to +16.0)
RERA requires registration of real estate projects with State regulators, sets promoter obligations and complaint timelines. Over 1.5 lakh projects were registered by September 2025; implementation varies by State.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +12.0 to +13.0)
In April 2017 Uttar Pradesh's new BJP government announced a waiver of crop loans up to Rs 1 lakh for small and marginal farmers, costed at Rs 36,359 crore. The RBI Governor cautioned against loan waivers generally.
Evidence points +2.5 (range +2.0 to +3.0)
On 8 November 2016 the government withdrew Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes, about 86% of cash by value. The RBI reported about 99% returned; the Supreme Court upheld the decision 4:1 in January 2023.
Evidence points −9.5 (range −10.0 to −9.0)
A 12-digit biometric-linked identity number begun by the Planning Commission in 2009 and given statutory backing in 2016; the Supreme Court upheld the Act in 2018 while limiting mandatory linking.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +12.0 to +13.0)
Delhi's AAP government opened the first Mohalla Clinic on 19 July 2015 and planned 1,000 neighbourhood clinics with free consultation, medicines and tests. A CAG audit tabled in 2025 reported 523 clinics by March 2023.
Evidence points −0.5 (range −1.0 to 0.0)
The Act created a Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayuktas in States to inquire into corruption allegations against public servants, including the Prime Minister with safeguards. The first Lokpal took office in 2019.
Evidence points +1.5 (range +1.0 to +2.0)
Replaced the 1894 land acquisition law with consent, social impact assessment and rehabilitation requirements, in force from 1 January 2014; a 2014-15 attempt to amend it lapsed.
Evidence points +5.5 (range +5.0 to +6.0)
2013 law giving a legal entitlement to subsidised grain for up to 75% of rural and 50% of urban people (about 81 crore people on 2011 Census numbers), with 5 kg per person monthly and 35 kg for Antyodaya households.
Evidence points +15.0 (range +13.0 to +17.0)
Act giving children aged 6-14 a legal entitlement to free and compulsory elementary education, with a 25% entry-level quota for disadvantaged children in non-minority private unaided schools.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +11.0 to +14.0)
Mission launched 11 January 2010 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change to scale up grid solar power; the target rose to 100 GW, reached in January 2025, and capacity was about 171 GW in September 2026.
Evidence points +13.5 (range +13.0 to +14.0)
Act creating a national agency to investigate and prosecute scheduled terror and security offences, with Special Courts, enacted weeks after the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.
Evidence points +7.0 (range +7.0 to +7.0)
The 2008 Act set up a National Social Security Board to recommend welfare schemes for unorganised workers. Enforcement and beneficiary tracking were limited; later registration relied on the e-Shram portal.
Evidence points −1.5 (range −2.0 to −1.0)
The 123 Agreement and related waivers of 2008 allowed India civil nuclear trade despite being outside the NPT, in return for placing 14 reactors under IAEA safeguards. It was contested domestically.
Evidence points +4.0 (range +3.0 to +5.0)
Parliament created an enforceable right to request records held by public authorities, with Central and State Information Commissions as appellate bodies. Backlogs and a 2019 amendment are debated.
Evidence points +15.0 (range +15.0 to +15.0)
The 2005 Act gave rural households a legal right to at least 100 days of unskilled wage work a year. It was repealed from 1 July 2026 and replaced by the VB-G RAM G Act, which provides 125 days.
Evidence points +13.0 (range +13.0 to +13.0)
Launched in April 2005, the Mission funded rural health facilities and created the ASHA worker cadre and cash incentives for facility births; institutional deliveries were 39% in 2005-06 and 89% in 2019-21.
Evidence points +10.5 (range +10.0 to +11.0)
From September 2003 Gujarat began separating farm and village electricity feeders to give villages a 24-hour supply and farms scheduled power. Studies find mixed effects on consumption and gains in health-facility power.
Evidence points +9.5 (range +9.0 to +10.0)
Replaced three earlier laws with one statute that delicensed thermal generation, required unbundling of state electricity boards, mandated regulatory commissions and introduced open access.
Evidence points +8.0 (range +7.0 to +9.0)
After the Supreme Court ordered candidate affidavits on cases, assets and education, an ordinance and Act narrowed disclosure to criminal cases; the Court struck down Section 33B in 2003.
Evidence points −3.0 (range −5.0 to −1.0)
From 1 July 2002 Delhi distribution passed to private operators holding 51% in three discoms. Reported losses fell from about 45-60% to roughly 6.5-13% depending on source; tariff disputes continue.
Evidence points +8.0 (range +8.0 to +8.0)
The Centrally sponsored Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, begun around January 2001, aimed to bring all children aged 6 to 14 into elementary education by 2010 and later became the vehicle for the Right to Education Act.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +12.0 to +13.0)
The Centre's scheme launched on 25 December 2000 funds all-weather road connections to unconnected habitations; government figures put phase I at 99.7% of sanctioned habitations built by July 2025.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +12.0 to +13.0)
The IRDA Act, 1999 created a statutory insurance regulator in 2000 and allowed private and foreign-linked insurers, ending the public-sector monopoly in life and general insurance.
Evidence points +10.5 (range +10.0 to +11.0)
Programme to four-lane 5,846 km of national highway linking Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, begun in 1999 and reported complete by the government in January 2012.
Evidence points +11.0 (range +11.0 to +11.0)
In May 1998 India conducted five underground nuclear tests, declared a voluntary test moratorium and a no-first-use posture, and faced international sanctions that were lifted by 2001.
Evidence points +6.0 (range +4.0 to +8.0)
The 1990 Prasar Bharati Act, brought into force on 15 September 1997, turned All India Radio and Doordarshan from government departments into a statutory corporation with Parliament-linked oversight.
Evidence points +2.5 (range +1.0 to +4.0)
From June 1997 subsidised grain in the public distribution system was targeted at poor (BPL) households with separate prices for others; a 2005 evaluation found about 58% of central-pool grain did not reach BPL families.
Evidence points +2.5 (range +1.0 to +4.0)
The February 1997 Budget cut the top personal income tax rate to 30% and the corporate rate to 35%, lowered peak customs duty, and launched a voluntary income disclosure scheme.
Evidence points +2.0 (range +2.0 to +2.0)
An independent regulator was set up from 20 February 1997 to take over telecom tariff regulation from the Central Government; a dispute tribunal (TDSAT) was split off from it in January 2000.
Evidence points +15.0 (range +14.0 to +16.0)
A 30-year treaty signed in December 1996 sharing Ganga water at Farakka in the January-May dry season, replacing earlier short-term arrangements. It is due for renewal in December 2026.
Evidence points +3.5 (range +2.0 to +5.0)
The United Front government introduced the first Constitution amendment bill to reserve one-third of Lok Sabha and Assembly seats for women in September 1996; it was referred to a joint committee and lapsed.
Evidence points −2.0 (range −3.0 to −1.0)
A set of five principles for ties with South Asian neighbours, including non-reciprocity towards smaller neighbours, set out by External Affairs Minister I. K. Gujral in September 1996.
Evidence points +1.5 (range +1.0 to +2.0)
In August 1996 India declined to support the CTBT text at the Conference on Disarmament, objecting to its entry-into-force clause and the absence of time-bound disarmament. It later conducted tests in 1998.
Evidence points +1.0 (range 0.0 to +2.0)
In 1996 Kerala's LDF government devolved 35-40% of the state plan outlay to local bodies and ran a campaign of village assemblies and task forces to prepare local plans. Evaluations are mostly by campaign-linked authors.
Evidence points +9.0 (range +9.0 to +9.0)
After the Supreme Court's 1992 Indra Sawhney ruling on a 50% ceiling, Tamil Nadu legislated to retain 69% reservation in 1993-94 and secured Ninth Schedule inclusion. Court challenges have been reported as pending.
Evidence points +4.5 (range +4.0 to +5.0)
The 1992 amendments gave constitutional status to panchayats and urban local bodies, with five-year terms, state election commissions, finance commissions and one-third reservation for women.
Evidence points +13.5 (range +13.0 to +14.0)
The SEBI Act, 1992 gave the Securities and Exchange Board of India, set up non-statutorily in 1988, statutory powers to regulate securities markets, replacing the Controller of Capital Issues.
Evidence points +12.5 (range +12.0 to +13.0)
The Act freezes the religious character of places of worship as on 15 August 1947 and bars suits to change it, excepting Ayodhya. Its validity is before the Supreme Court, which paused new suits in December 2024.
Evidence points +1.5 (range +1.0 to +2.0)
In July 1991, during a balance-of-payments crisis, the government ended most industrial licensing, cut the public-sector reserved list and eased foreign investment rules, part of a wider reform package.
Evidence points +15.5 (range +15.0 to +16.0)
In 1991 India sold gold with a repurchase option to UBS and pledged gold to the Bank of England and Bank of Japan to meet external payments, a step that coincided with the balance-of-payments crisis.
Evidence points +6.0 (range +5.0 to +7.0)
A 13 August 1990 office memorandum reserved 27% of central civil vacancies for Other Backward Classes. The Supreme Court upheld it in 1992 with a creamy-layer exclusion and a 50% overall limit.
Evidence points +14.0 (range +12.0 to +16.0)
A company jointly funded by the Centre and four states was incorporated in 1990 to build a roughly 740 km railway through Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka; full services began in January 1998.
Evidence points +8.5 (range +7.0 to +10.0)
Enacted after the Shah Bano judgment, the Act set post-divorce maintenance for Muslim women under a separate statute; the Supreme Court upheld it in 2001 while reading in a wider duty.
Evidence points −3.5 (range −6.0 to −1.0)
The Rajiv Gandhi government's 1986 education policy emphasised equalising opportunity, launched Operation Blackboard and Navodaya Vidyalayas, and was modified in 1992 with a Programme of Action.
Evidence points +6.0 (range +5.0 to +7.0)
Constitutional amendment adding the Tenth Schedule, which disqualifies legislators who voluntarily give up party membership or vote against party direction, with the presiding officer deciding.
Evidence points +9.5 (range +7.0 to +12.0)
The government set up C-DOT in August 1984 as an autonomous R&D centre with a 36-month, Rs 36 crore goal to develop digital switching systems, including rural exchanges, in India.
Evidence points +11.5 (range +11.0 to +12.0)
India hosted the Ninth Asian Games in Delhi from 19 November to 4 December 1982, building venues and introducing colour television. A Supreme Court case examined labour conditions on the sites.
Evidence points +5.0 (range +3.0 to +7.0)
In July 1982 Chief Minister M. G. Ramachandran (AIADMK) expanded an existing school meal programme into a statewide noon meal scheme. Evidence on enrolment is mostly survey-based.
Evidence points +10.5 (range +10.0 to +11.0)
Requires prior central government approval before forest land is de-reserved or diverted to non-forest use; its scope was broadened by a 1996 Supreme Court ruling and amended in 2023.
Evidence points +8.0 (range +7.0 to +9.0)
Amendment reversing several Emergency-era changes: narrower Emergency grounds, fixed limits on preventive detention, and removal of property from the fundamental rights.
Evidence points +16.5 (range +16.0 to +17.0)
West Bengal's Left Front government began registering sharecroppers (bargadars) in 1978 to give them tenure protection and a fixed crop share. Studies differ on its effect on output and on how secure the rights proved.
Evidence points +10.5 (range +10.0 to +11.0)
The Janata government appointed Justice J. C. Shah in May 1977 to inquire into Emergency-era conduct; special courts to try the findings were later held not legally constituted.
Evidence points −4.0 (range −5.0 to −3.0)
The 1976 Act capped vacant urban land holdings and allowed State acquisition of the excess. Little of the estimated excess was taken into possession, and Parliament enacted a repeal framework in 1999.
Evidence points −11.0 (range −11.0 to −11.0)
After the June 1975 Emergency proclamation the government imposed pre-publication censorship on newspapers; the 1976 press law was repealed in April 1977. The Shah Commission later reported on its use.
Evidence points −10.5 (range −12.0 to −9.0)
Coking coal mines were nationalised in 1972 and all remaining coal mines on 1 May 1973; Coal India Limited was formed in 1975. Private commercial coal mining was permitted again from 2018.
Evidence points +9.0 (range +9.0 to +9.0)
Maharashtra began a rural public-works scheme in 1972 during a drought, financed partly by a state profession tax, and gave it statutory form in 1977. Outcome evidence in the sources opened is limited.
Evidence points +5.0 (range +4.0 to +6.0)
ISRO was formed in 1969 from the 1962 INCOSPAR committee, and a Space Commission and Department of Space were created in 1972, placing the space programme under dedicated government structures.
Evidence points +13.0 (range +12.0 to +14.0)
In July 1969 the government took over 14 large private banks. Bank branches and rural deposits rose between 1969 and 1991; the Supreme Court first invalidated the Act on compensation grounds.
Evidence points +9.0 (range +8.0 to +10.0)
Programme from 1966-67 distributing imported high-yielding wheat seed with fertiliser, irrigation and assured procurement; foodgrain output rose and net imports fell by the early 1970s, alongside other changes.
Evidence points +14.0 (range +14.0 to +14.0)
In January 1965 the Centre set up the Agricultural Prices Commission to recommend support prices and the Food Corporation of India to procure and distribute grain, the base of today's MSP and public-distribution system.
Evidence points +9.5 (range +9.0 to +10.0)
Parliament declared the Indian Institutes of Technology institutions of national importance with degree-granting powers in 1961, building on IIT Kharagpur, founded in 1950-51.
Evidence points +12.0 (range +11.0 to +13.0)
World Bank-brokered 1960 treaty dividing the Indus system between India (eastern rivers) and Pakistan (western rivers), with a dispute mechanism. India placed it in abeyance in April 2025.
Evidence points +9.5 (range +8.0 to +11.0)
Act giving armed forces special powers, with legal protection, in areas notified as "disturbed"; first applied to the Naga Hills and later to other north-eastern areas. Reviewed by the 2005 Reddy Committee.
Evidence points −0.5 (range −1.0 to 0.0)
Parliament redrew India's state boundaries largely along linguistic lines in 1956, replacing the Part A to D classification with 14 states and 6 union territories.
Evidence points +15.5 (range +15.0 to +16.0)
The Second Plan (1956-61) put public-sector investment in capital goods and steel at the centre of planning, with a targeted 4.5% annual growth rate; the Plan reported about 4.3%.
Evidence points +7.5 (range +7.0 to +8.0)
Parliament codified Hindu marriage, divorce and inheritance law in 1955-56, replacing a draft code with separate Acts; daughters' coparcenary rights followed only in 2005.
Evidence points +14.0 (range +13.0 to +15.0)
The 1951 First Amendment inserted Articles 31A and 31B to protect zamindari abolition laws from court challenge, alongside changes to free speech and equality provisions.
Evidence points +7.0 (range +7.0 to +7.0)
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